Injury Mechanism

Dr. Cummings can use his expertise in describing exactly how injuries were received. This usually requires some form of accident reconstruction that can be performed by Dr. Cummings or an independant reconstructionist. For example, an opinion may be needed as to how injuries might have changed had safety devices (seat belts, airbags, helmets) been utilized at the time of the accident.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) - Results from swelling and spasm of cervical musculature caused by compromise of blood vessels or nerve fibres between the axilla (armpit) and base of the neck.


Paresthesia - Abnormal neurological sensations which include: numbness, tingling, burning, prickling and hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity). Any abnormality of sensation.


Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS)

1 = Minor
2 = Moderate
3 = Serious
4 = Severe
5 = Critical
6 = Maximal injury; virtually not survivable
9 = Unknown

The Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) developed this scale.